What is Bug, Error and Issue?

In the world of software development, terms like "bug," "error," and "issue" are often used interchangeably. However, there are subtle differences between these terms that can be important to understand, especially when communicating with other developers or stakeholders. In this article, we'll explore the differences between these three terms and how they relate to software development.

A. Bug:

A bug is a defect or flaw in the software that causes it to behave in an unintended way. This can result from a coding mistake or a problem with the software's design. Bugs can range in severity from minor glitches to major issues that prevent the software from working at all. They are typically discovered during testing or after the software has been released and are often fixed by the development team through a software update or patch.

B. Error:

An error is a mistake made by a programmer during the coding process. Errors can be syntax errors, where the code does not conform to the language's rules, or logic errors, where the code does not perform the intended function. Errors can occur during development or after the software has been released and can lead to bugs or other issues. Programmers can use debugging tools to identify and fix errors in their code.

C. Issue:

An issue is a problem or challenge that arises during the software development process. Issues can include bugs, errors, or other obstacles that affect the software's functionality, performance, or usability. Issues can also arise from external factors, such as hardware or network problems. Tracking issues is an important part of software development, as it allows developers to identify areas for improvement and ensure that the software meets the needs of its users.

In summary, bugs, errors, and issues are all related to software development, but they represent different aspects of the process. Bugs are defects in the software that cause unintended behavior, errors are mistakes made during the coding process, and issues are problems or challenges that arise during development. Understanding these differences can help developers communicate more effectively and improve the quality of their software. 

Learn more

What is Null Pointer Error in Java and How to fix it?

Are you looking for what is best way to fix Null Pointer error in your Java code? Are also would like to know what causes Null Pointer error. If so, then you reached at right place. In this article, we will understand what is root cause of Null Pointer error and how to fix it. Let's start.

 A null pointer error, also known as a "null reference exception," occurs when a program attempts to access an object or variable that has a null value. In other words, the program is trying to access an object that doesn't exist. This can happen when a variable is not initialized or is set to null, but the program tries to access it as if it has a value.

The error message will typically indicate the specific location in the code where the error occurred, and it will look something like this: "java.lang.NullPointerException at [classname].[methodname]([filename]:[line number])".

There are several ways to fix a null pointer error, but the most common solution is to check for null values before trying to access an object. This can be done by using an if statement to check if the variable is null, and if so, assign a value to it or handle the error in a specific way.

Another way is to use the "Optional" class introduced in Java 8, it allows to avoid null pointer exceptions. It can be used with any type of variable and it wraps the variable and it can check if it's present or not.

For example, if the error occurs when trying to access an object called "objectName," the following code can be used to fix it:

if (objectName != null) {

    // code to access objectName

} else {

    // handle the error or assign a value to objectName

}

Additionally, you should check that the objects that you're using are not null, it's also important to check that the objects that the object you're using is not null. To avoid this error, it's important to initialize variables and objects properly and to be aware of the scope of the variables and objects that you're using in your code.

In summary, a null pointer error occurs when a program tries to access an object or variable that has a null value. The error can be fixed by checking for null values before trying to access an object and handling the error properly. It is important to initialize the variables and objects properly, check for the scope of the variables and objects, and to be aware of the potential of null values.

Learn more about Java usage here-

How to connect to Database in Java?

 To connect to a database using Java, you will need to use the JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) API. This API provides a standard set of interfaces for connecting to a database, executing queries, and processing the results.

 

Here is an example of Java code that demonstrates how to connect to a database using JDBC:

 

import java.sql.Connection;

import java.sql.DriverManager;

import java.sql.SQLException;

 

public class DatabaseConnection {

 

    public static void main(String[] args) {

 

        // Load the JDBC driver

        try {

            Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {

            e.printStackTrace();

            return;

        }

 

        // Establish a connection to the database

        Connection connection = null;

        try {

            connection = DriverManager.getConnection(

                "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase", "username", "password");

        } catch (SQLException e) {

            e.printStackTrace();

            return;

        }

 

        // Do something with the connection, such as executing a query

        // (omitted for brevity)

 

        // Close the connection

        try {

            connection.close();

        } catch (SQLException e) {

            e.printStackTrace();

        }

    }

}

 

 

In this example, we first load the JDBC driver for MySQL using the Class.forName() method. Then, we use the DriverManager.getConnection() method to establish a connection to the database. Finally, we close the connection using the Connection.close() method.

 

Note that this example uses MySQL as the database, but you can use a different database by simply changing the JDBC driver class and the connection URL. You will also need to provide the appropriate username and password for the database.

What is difference between HTTPS , SSL and TLS ?

                  Are you looking for details about HTTPS protocol? Are you also interested in knowing the differences between HTTPS, SSL, and TLS? If so, then you reached the right place. In this article, we will learn more about HTTPS, SSL, and TLS. Let's start.

A) Understand the speed of the data 

               The data sent over the internet is very fast. It is faster than traditional channels such as wires, optic fiber, air. It will not be an exaggeration if we say data send over the internet with speed of light. Even speed of data sent over the internet is fast, but it still has to go through multiple devices during its journey over the network and that is where criminals target data.

B) What is HTTPS?

                The internet consists of distributed client and server information systems. When we access any application using a computer or mobile or any other type of device, ( these devices act as the client ) we send the request to the server. The server can accept or reject the request. If the request is accepted then a connection is created over a specific protocol. In order to establish a communication set of rules which are implemented with the protocol.

                 HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol used on the worldwide web(www). This commonly used protocol defines 

                                   1. How data is formatted

                                   2. What type of data is to be transmitted 

                                   3. How the server should respond to the specific command 

                  However, HTTP is not secure as it does not have data encryption and authentication functionalities. In order to achieve security especially transmitting data over the network, Hypertext Transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) protocol can be used.

                                  Though HTTPS is a safer solution for the client and server models, this added security isn't automatic. In order to maintain security standards, we need to purchase SSL/TLS certificates from a trusted certificate authority.

C) What is SSL? 

                The SSL stands for Secure Socket Layer. The internet connections are maintained safely by SSL encryption and decryption method. These connections can be between client to client or client to server or server to server. As SSL is an older protocol, the updated TLS was released in 1999 and it is being commonly used nowadays.

D) What is TLS?

                 TLS stands for Transport Layer Security. TLS is a cryptographic protocol used for achieving better privacy, data integrity, and authentication compared to SSL. It supports stronger, secure cipher suites and algorithms.

                TLS is more commonly used in computer networks, web browsing, instant messaging, email etc. 

                     Learn more about Java here 

How does TLS or SSL Decryption work ?

              Would you like to know how does TLS or SSL decryption work? Would you be also interested in knowing Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptography? If so, then you reached the right place. In this article, we will explore decryption with TLS or SSL. Let's start.

A) What TLS or SSL? 

               As discussed in what is the difference between HTTPS, SSL, and TLS  ? article, TLS or SSL is a cryptographic protocol for achieving privacy, data integrity over the network.

B) How does TLS/SSL decryption work? 

               The TLS and SSL both use asymmetric cryptography. TLS /SSL provides reliable security with high performance.

                a) Symmetric Cryptography :

                     Symmetric cryptography uses a secret key to encrypt data. The generated secret key is shared with the sender and receiver. The secret key should be 128 bits in length in order to achieve security.

                 b) Asymmetric Cryptography :

                      Asymmetric cryptography uses private and public keys. The public and private keys are mathematically designed. It requires higher bandwidth. The key length should be a minimum of 1024 bits.

                c) Secure session key : 

                     The secure session key is generated by SSL /TLS by using asymmetric cryptography. The secure session key is used to decrypt and encrypt the data transmitted over the network. secure session the TLS handshake is achieved with the secure session key.

C) What TLS handshake? 

               The TLS handshake is a process to achieve communication between server and client to achieve the below Functionalities -

               1. Acknowledge one another 

               2. Verify each other's authenticity 

               3. Designate encryption algorithms 

               4. Agree on session keys. 

                

What are new feature in Java -17 part 2

                Are you interested in knowing what are the new featured introduced in Java 17? Are you also interested in knowing what are the deprecated features in Java 17? If so, then reached the right place. This is the second part of the feature in java 17. You can access the first part of the features of Java 17 here.

A) Introduction 

              In the previous article, we explored the Java 17 features such as JEP 412: Memory API and Foreign Function, JEP 411: Deprecate the Security  Manager, JEP 414: Vector API, JEP 415: Deserialization Filters.

             In this article, we will focus on the features below in Java 17 

           1. JEP 409: Sealed classes 

           2. JEP 406: Pattern Matching for switch 

           3. JEP 403: Strongly Encapsulate JDK internals 

           4. JEP 398: Deprecate Applet API for removal 

B ) JEP 409: Sealed classes 

            A sealed class that restricts other classes may extend it. This also applies to interface as well i.e a sealed class can be an interface that restricts another interface may extend it. 

           With Java 17, new sealed, non-sealed character sequences are introduced and it allows them as contextual keywords.

C ) JEP 406: Pattern Matching for switch 

             With this change, all existing expressions and statements compile with identical semantics. It performs then without any modification.

              There are two new patterns are introduced 

          1. Guarded Pattern: It is used to refine the pattern matching logic using a boolean expression 

          2. Parenthesized Pattern: It is used to get rid of parsing ambiguities 

D ) JEP 403: Strongly Encapsulate JDK internals 

             All the internal elements of JPK are strongly encapsulated. Here only exception is sun.misc.unsafe.

E ) JEP 398: Deprecate Applet API for Removal 

              As we know Applet APIs were deprecated since Java 9 but these were never removed. With Java 17, these will be removed there not be much impact because these Applet APIs are no longer in use as we use more advanced web technologies for it.

                    Learn more about Java here -

            

; 

What are new Features in Java 17 - Part 1

               Are you looking for detailed information about all the interesting features introduced in JDK 17? Are you also would like various terminologies such as LTS or JEP? If so, then you reached the right place. In this article, we will explore new features in JDK 17 release.

A) What is LTS in Java?

               LTS is an abbreviation for Long-term Support. It is a product life cycle management policy. With this policy, the software edition is supported longer than the software standard edition.

B) What is JEP in Java? 

               JEP is an abbreviation for JDK Enhancement Proposal. Oracle Corporation has drafted this process to collect proposals for enhancements to the Java Development kit i.e. JDK. 

C)  What are the new features in Java 17? 

                Java 17 is one of the major releases and comes with various interesting features. In this article we will explore the features below :

          1. JEP 411: Deprecate the security manager 

         2. JEP 412: Memory API and Foreign Function 

         3. JEP 414: Vector API

        4. JEP 415: Deserialization Filters

1 . JEP 411: Deprecate the security manager 

                  The security manager API which was used to define security policy for an Application is deprecated with JDK 17  release. The security manager is deprecated as this API is not commonly used. one of the basic features of a security manager is a blocking system:: exit. If applications continue to use the security manager then an alert message will be issued.

2. JEP 412: Memory API and Foreign function

                   With JEP 412 the new API is introduced and these are Foreign Memory Access API and the foreign linker API with these API'S we can invoke code outside of the JVM and also security access foreign memory Here, foreign memory means the memory which is not handled by JVM. 

3. JEP 414: Vector API 

                    These Vector APIs are part of JDK 16 are also enhanced in JDK 17 to express vector computations on supported CPU architecture at runtime. These are reliable for compilation and performance on AArch 64 and x64 architectures.

4. JEP 415: Deserialization Filters 

                    With a JVM-wide filter factory, we can allow applications to configure context-specific and dynamically selected deserialization filters. This will be helpful to prevent serialization attacks.

                      Learn more about Java here -

How to setup Task Reminder with Popup using Java in Windows System

In this article, we will see how to set up a Task reminder with Popup message in the Windows system. We need to have some basic understanding of Java and Windows shell scripting.

Step 1: Setup up Java project

Use any IDE e.g. Eclipse to create a Java project. We need below external jar files. Download the jar files below and set up in the classpath:

1. commons-collections4-4.1

2. poi-3.17

3. poi-ooxml-3.17

4. poi-ooxml-schemas-3.17

5. xmlbeans-2.6.0

Step 2: Write Java class

Use below code snippet to read an excel file and show popup message using Jpanel class.

import java.awt.Graphics;

import java.io.FileInputStream;

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.text.DateFormat;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.Date;

import javax.swing.JFrame;

import javax.swing.JPanel;

import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Cell;

import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Row;

import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Sheet;

import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Workbook;

import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFWorkbook;

public class ReadFile extends JPanel {

public void paint(Graphics g){

ReadFile rc = new ReadFile(); // object of the class

// reading the value of 2nd row and 2nd column

ArrayList<String> vOutput = rc.ReadCellData(2, 5);

int k = 10;

if (vOutput != null) {

if (vOutput.size() <=0) {

g.drawString("No reminder today! Enjoy!!!", 10, k);

} else {

for (int i = 0; i < vOutput.size() ; i++) {

g.drawString(vOutput.get(i), 10, k);

k = k + 20;

}

}

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

JFrame frame= new JFrame("Customer Reminder!");

frame.getContentPane().add(new ReadFile());

frame.setSize(300, 300);

frame.setVisible(true);

frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

frame.setResizable(false);

}

// method defined for reading a cell

public ArrayList<String> ReadCellData(int vRow, int vColumn) {

ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<>();

Workbook wb = null; // initialize Workbook null

try {

// reading data from a file in the form of bytes

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("D:\\sample.xlsx");

// constructs an XSSFWorkbook object, by buffering the whole stream into the

// memory

wb = new XSSFWorkbook(fis);

} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

} catch (IOException e1) {

e1.printStackTrace();

}

Sheet sheet = wb.getSheetAt(0); // getting the XSSFSheet object at given index

int j = 0;

for (int i = 1; i < 1000; i++) {

Row row = sheet.getRow(i); // returns the logical row

if (row != null) {

Cell cell = row.getCell(7); // getting the cell representing the given column

if (cell != null) {

Date dueDate = cell.getDateCellValue();

DateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/dd/yyyy");

Date currentDate=java.util.Calendar.getInstance().getTime();

if (dueDate != null && (dateFormat.format(dueDate)).equals(dateFormat.format(currentDate))) {

Cell customerName = row.getCell(6);

String custName = null;

if (customerName != null) {

custName = customerName.getStringCellValue();

}

Cell phoneNum = row.getCell(8);

String phone = null;

if (phoneNum != null) {

phone = phoneNum.getStringCellValue();

}

if (custName != null) {

al.add("Call: [ " + custName + " : " + phone + "] ");

}

}

}

}

}

return al; // returns the cell value

}

}

Step 3: Create a runnable jar file

Use Eclipse -> Export option to create Runnable jar file and name it as reminder_project.jar (You can provide any name)

Step 4: Create a batch file

Create CMD file with the content below

java -jar D:\reminder_project.jar

Step 4: Setup Task using Task Scheduler in Windows system

Use Task Scheduler in the Windows system. Provide the name of the task, Trigger details (daily, weekly), and Actions.

Provide CMD file name in the schedular

Top 12 Interesting features of Java 10

Would you be interested in knowing what are the new interesting features in Java 10? Would you also like to know Application Class Data Sharing, Java JIT Compiler, Time based release? If so, then you reached the right place. In this article, we will understand new features in Java 10 language.

Java 10 features

Java 10 is the fastest feature release of a Java SE platform. Features contain various enhancements into many functional areas such as garbage collection and compilation as well as local variable types.

ü  Local-Variable Type Inference

ü  Application Class-Data Sharing

ü  Consolidate the JDK Forest into a Single Repository

ü  Garbage-Collector Interface

ü  Parallel Full GC for G1

ü  Thread-Local Handshakes

ü  Remove the Native-Header Generation Tool (javah)

ü  Additional Unicode Language-Tag Extensions

ü  Heap Allocation on Alternative Memory Devices

ü  Experimental Java-Based JIT Compiler

ü  Root Certificates

ü  Time-Based Release Versioning

1. Local Variable Type Inference

Java now allows var style declarations. We can declare a local variable without specifying its type. The type will be inferred from context i.e from the type of actual object created.

For eg.

var str = “Welcome to Java 10";

  

//or

  

String str = " Welcome to Java 10";

In first the statement, type of str is determined by the type of assignment which of String type.

2. Application Data-Class Sharing:

The main goal of this feature is to improve startup and footprint, extend the existing Class-Data Sharing ("CDS") feature to allow application classes to be placed in the shared archive.

Goals:

-It reduces the footprint by sharing common class metadata across different Java processes.

-Improves start-up time.

-Application Class-Data Sharing allows the built-in system class loader, the built-in platform class loader, and custom class loaders to load archived classes.

3. Consolidate the JDK Forest into a Single Repository.

 This feature is all about housekeeping. It combines the numerous repositories of the JDK forest into a single repository to simplify the development.

4. Garbage-Collector Interface.

 It introduces common Garbage Collector Interface, by using this we can improve the code isolation. It allows alternative collectors to be quickly and easily integrated. The main goal is to provide better modularity for HotSpot internal GC code.

5. Parallel Full GC for G1.

This feature of Java 10 improves G1 worst-case latencies by making the full GC parallel.

The current implementation of the full GC for G1 uses a single-threaded mark-sweep-compact algorithm.

6. Thread-Local Handshakes.

It improves performance. While the java thread is in a savepoint safe state, a handshake operation is executed for each Java Thread. While keeping the thread in a blocked state the callback is executed either by the thread itself or by the VM thread.

7. Remove the Native-Header Generation Tool (javah)

It focuses on housekeeping. This feature removes javah tool from JDK. This practicality provides the flexibility to put in writing native header files at the time that Java source code is compiled, thereby eliminating the necessity for a separate tool.

8. Additional Unicode Language-Tag Extensions.

This feature enhances java.util.Locale and related APIs to implement extra Unicode extensions of BCP 47 language tags. This JEP will implement a lot of the extensions laid out in the newest LDML specification, within the relevant JDK classes.

This feature will add support for the following additional extensions:

                                i.            cu (currency type)

                              ii.            fw (first day of the week)

                            iii.            rg (region override)

                            iv.            tz (time zone)

9. Heap Allocation on Alternative Memory Devices

This feature enhances the potential of HotSpot VM to portion the Java object heap on an alternate device, like NV-DIMM, nominative by the user.

For example, with this feature, it is possible to assign lower priority processes to use the NV-DIMM memory, and instead, only allocate the processes which have a higher priority to the DRAM in a multi-JVM environment.

10. Experimental Java-Based JIT Compiler

It enables Graal, to be used as an experimental JIT compiler on the Linux/x64 platform. Graal is basically a new JIT compiler for java, which is the basis of Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compiler.

11. Root Certificates

This feature provides root Certification Authority (CA) certificates in the JDK.

This helps to promote OpenJDK and make it more effective to community users. The aim of this feature is to reduce the difference between the OpenJDK and Oracle JDK builds.

12. Time-Based Release Versioning

Unlike the old releases, the new time-based releases won’t be delayed and features will be released every six months. There are also Long Term Releases (LTS). It is mainly for enterprise customers.